Sapphire

Sapphire (SA) plays a crucial role in enhancing the anti-aging process by serving as a carrier that transports and safeguards peptides and lightweight complexes. Its primary function is to boost the effectiveness of other skin-renewing agents found in YAQOOT.  

Its use ensures improved availability and a sustained release effect for various other beneficial components

Traditionally, sapphire has symbolized the sky and been associated with promoting good health. Now, with technological advancements, it transforms into a protective shield aiding in the fight against aging skin. 

Glycine/Proline

Glycine and proline make up over half of collagen’s amino acids, with glycine specifically constituting about a third of the amino acids in the collagen molecule.

Tri Peptide Moduline

The Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) Moduline Peptide (Palmitoyl tripeptide-28) is a crucial player in revitalizing the extra cellular matrix which supports the creation of proteins that protect against enzyme degradation and promote cell structure.  

By interacting with a specific cellular receptor (TGF-bII or TbRII), Palmitoyl Tripeptide-28 initiates a series of actions that result in the activation of proteins like Smad 2 or Smad 3. These proteins, along with Smad 4, move into the cell nucleus, where they team up to enhance the expression of genes responsible for the extracellular matrix. 

In simpler terms, the peptide: 

• Boosts protein production in the extracellular matrix. 
• Prevents the breakdown of collagen by inhibiting certain enzymes (metalloproteinases). 
• Encourages the creation of proteins that safeguard against enzymes and support cell structure. 

Glutathione

Glutathione (GSH) stands out as the predominant thiol in animal cells, with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 10 mmol/L, residing in both the cytosol and organelles. 

Functionally, it serves as a protective agent for cells by actively neutralizing reactive oxygen species, thereby safeguarding cellular integrity. 

Moreover, Glutathione plays a crucial role in the detoxification process, specifically handling toxic metabolites such as methylglyoxal and formaldehyde that arise during oxidative stress. 

Additionally, its contribution extends to the maintenance of exogenous antioxidants like vitamins C and E, ensuring they remain in their reduced (active) states, enhancing the overall cellular defence mechanisms. 

Arginine

Arginine is considered a semi-essential amino acid and plays a crucial role in widening blood vessels as a precursor to nitric oxide.

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a role in metabolism and can present as dark red crystals. It acts as a helper in making DNA and helps with the breakdown of fats and amino acids. 

This vitamin is important for the blood and nervous systems and has a connection with the skin. Changes in B12 levels can show up on the skin, causing issues like dark spots, loss of skin colour, and conditions like eczema. 

Why does B12 matter for your skin? 

• Melanin and B12: B12 helps renew skin cells, swapping out darker ones with properly pigmented ones. It also boosts oxygen delivery to damaged skin, aiding the speedy healing of dark spots. 
• Dry Skin and B12: B12 promotes skin recovery and shedding of old cells, which is great for battling dry skin. 
• Energy Boost: B12 is like a power-up for your cells, creating energy to generate new skin. It helps remove dead cells and produce fresh, healthy ones.  
• This continuous cycle is crucial for: 

• Keeping your skin looking vibrant and healthy. 
• Maintaining skin elasticity to ward off wrinkles. 

In a nutshell, Vitamin B12 is a skin superhero, helping with pigmentation, dryness, and keeping your skin energized and fresh. 

Succinic Acid

Succinic acid plays a vital role in cellular processes, contributing to the Krebs cycle and the production of ATP, which is essential for cell function. It enhances metabolic processes, ensuring efficient cell nourishment, and improves cellular respiration to counteract damage caused by low oxygen levels. 

Beyond its basic functions, succinic acid acts as a potent antioxidant, reducing the harmful effects of free radicals on structural proteins like collagen and elastin. 

Accumulated succinate, a form of succinic acid, inhibits certain enzymes involved in gene regulation. This modification influences the epigenetic landscape, regulating gene expression. 

Additionally, succinic acid can function as a signalling molecule, resembling a hormone, and interact with tissues through a G-protein coupled receptor. 

Succinic acid also promotes neovascularization, activating angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which facilitates the growth of new blood vessels. 

Acetyl Hexapeptide

The Acetyl Hexapeptide is a peptide made up of six amino acids, and it works similarly to botulinum toxin A. It competes with the N-terminal end of the SNAP-25 protein for a spot on the complex SNARE, which is responsible for releasing chemicals that trigger muscle contraction.

Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 breaks down SNAP-25 irreversibly, stopping the formation of the SNARE complex and causing a lasting muscle paralysis. When applied, it lessens the constant contraction of facial muscles, reducing the appearance of expression lines.

Niacinamide

Niacinamide, also known as Vitamin B3 or Vitamin PP, is a building block for a family of natural coenzymes called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(P)). These coenzymes, when in their reduced forms (NAD(P)H), act as antioxidants. 

Here’s how niacinamide benefits the skin: 

• Anti-Aging: It helps diminish fine lines and wrinkles by boosting collagen production and reducing excess dermal glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), common in photodamaged or wrinkled skin. 
• Skin Barrier Support: Niacinamide enhances both the lipid and protein components of the outer skin layer (stratum corneum), leading to reduced water loss through the skin and improved barrier function. 
• Skin Tone Improvement: It is known to address issues like skin yellowing, hyperpigmentation, redness, and uneven skin tone. Niacinamide achieves this by inhibiting the transfer of pigment-containing structures (melanosomes) from melanocytes to keratinocytes. 

In simpler terms, Niacinamide is like a skincare multitasker, working to keep your skin healthy, firm, and evenly-toned.